Error estimation in multitemporal InSAR deformation time series, with application to Lanzarote, Canary Islands

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a reliable technique for measuring crustal deformation. However, despite its long application in geophysical problems, its error estimation has been largely overlooked. Currently, the largest problem with InSAR is still the atmospheric propagation errors, which is why multitemporal interferometric techniques have been successfully developed using a series of interferograms. However, none of the standard multitemporal interferometric techniques, namely PS or SB (Persistent Scatterers and Small Baselines, respectively) provide an estimate of their precision. Here, we present a method to compute reliable estimates of the precision of the deformation time series. We implement it for the SB multitemporal interferometric technique (a favorable technique for natural terrains, the most usual target of geophysical applications). We describe the method that uses a properly weighted scheme that allows us to compute estimates for all interferogram pixels, enhanced by a Montecarlo resampling technique that properly propagates the interferogram errors (variance-covariances) into the unknown parameters (estimated errors for the displacements). We apply the multitemporal error estimation method to Lanzarote Island (Canary Islands), where no active magmatic activity has been reported in the last decades. We detect deformation around Timanfaya volcano (lengthening of line-of-sight ∼ subsidence), where the last eruption in 1730–1736 occurred. Deformation closely follows the surface temperature anomalies indicating that magma crystallization (cooling and contraction) of the 300-year shallow magmatic body under Timanfaya volcano is still ongoing.Peer reviewe

Unique lists of salutogenically focused outcome domains.

<p>Unique lists of salutogenically focused outcome domains.</p

Data extraction process.

<p>Data extraction process.</p

Screening and selection of reviews for inclusion.

<p>Screening and selection of reviews for inclusion.</p

Round 1 of eDelphi: Rating for 38 potential core outcomes.

<p>Round 1 of eDelphi: Rating for 38 potential core outcomes.</p

Round 2 of eDelphi: Rating for 34 potential core outcomes.

<p>Round 2 of eDelphi: Rating for 34 potential core outcomes.</p

Final “COS Adult Cardiac Surgery”.

<p>Final “COS Adult Cardiac Surgery”.</p

Flow diagram of eDelphi process and core outcome generation.

<p>Flow diagram of eDelphi process and core outcome generation.</p

Characteristics of participants.

<p>Characteristics of participants.</p

Liver tissue HO-1 encoding mRNA.

<p>mRNA expression of HO-1 increased markedly after 3 hours of reperfusion compared to the physiological levels (mean±SD, ***p<0.001 Experimental groups vs. Healthy control, one-way ANOVA, n = 6/group/time point). RIC treatment could further increase HO-1 expression resulting in a significant difference between RIC 1 group vs. Control. (mean±SD, *p<0.05 RIC 1 vs. Control, one-way ANOVA, n = 6/group/time point). Dotted line = physiological values in healthy animals. Abbreviations used: RQ-relative quantification; RIC-remote ischemic conditioning; HO-1-heme oxygenase-1.</p